Making the Abbott Mark III's Aft Tank Watertight
With a View to Facilitating Self-Rescue After a Capsize

Alternative Thoughts and Solutions from Richard Johnson and Richard Watterson
...
HOW TO WATERPROOF THE AFT TANK ON ABBOTT MARK III BOATS (hopefully)
AND PRESERVE THE STORAGE SPACE

I have suffered three capsizes in Wayfarer 10423, the first was on the inaugural sail after purchasing the boat from Abbott, the second a year later; both on Houghton lake in Michigan.  The first was in around 4.5 feet of water and after being unable to keep it righted I simply walked it to a dock, tied it up and bailed.  The second time I was in deeper water and finally after taking the sails down and with the help of a friendly pontoon boater was able to right it and was towed to shore.  The third time was at the 2010 Midwinters, my crew and I were able to right it three times only to have it re-capsize each time.  I asked for help from the wise men of Wayfarers.  Richard Johnson made suggestions for sealing the aft tank which he maintains helps tremendously in keeping the boat floating higher when capsized and take on less water when righted.  The problem was that in order to seal the aft tank I would have a much smaller opening, reducing the utility of the compartment.  I wanted to keep the opening near the size it was, and tried to think of a way to seal it without closing it down too much.  The Abbott hatch cover was held down with knobs that rode over metal beads mounted in the wood cover and compressed the seal.  The problem with this is that it does not compress the seal enough, especially in the front where there is nothing to compress the seal.  The holes for the bolts that hold the knobs were not sealed so water could get in around them as well.  I decided to construct a new structure that would provide a means for better compression of the seal.  To do this I would make the opening a race-track shape instead of square (think Indy 500 race track).  I would also keep the bolts compressing the seal outside of the seal and outside of the compartment.

This is the compartment prior to modification.  The wells that contained the knobs which formerly secured the hatch cover have been sealed with putty.  I used locktite epoxy putty which comes in a cigar shaped cylinder.  You cut off the putty you need and knead it to mix the hardener in and place it wherever you need it.  I have also used it to seal small gel coat gouges under the boat.

Here is the opening. The modification - made from 1/2" marine plywood - is lying in place, but it has not been glued in yet.  It is constructed to lie on top of the original integral flange running around the hatch  opening.

This shows the three layers.  The bottom piece is cut to fit the existing opening with the oval cut into it. The second layer is a spacer, the third layer is a flange to support the new cover.

The idea behind using three layers is to keep the bolts and bolt holes outside of the protected space.  By layering, any water that comes through the bolt holes falls harmlessly outside the seal.

Here is the cover.  The seal is made from some foam that is used under laminate floors.  It is just the right amount of "squishiness" for this application.  Notice that the bolts are outside the seal so any water coming around the bolts will not enter the compartment.

I had to be careful that the structure did not rise so high that it would interfere with the tiller.

This is a view of the bolt opening and the T-nut.

To use these, drill holes large enough for the barrel of the nut to fit through, then use a hammer to gently tap it into the hole.  The barbs will engage the wood and prevent turning with the bolt.  These stay in place and eliminate fumbling around with loose nuts and washers.

This shows the three layers.  I glued them together using 3M 5200.

I applied copious amounts of 3M 5200 around the original flange then put the new structure into place. Unable to clamp in place I used the "kitchen sink" method to hold everything down until the sealant could set.  I made a complete mess of this, the sealant is all over the wood as well.  It is hard to work with the whole structure glued together then placed on the boat.  It would have attached nicer if I had just put the bottom layer on the boat then glued the other two to it.  I did it this way because I wanted the structure (new stuff) to be sealed together with bare wood as I did not know how 5200 works on varnished surfaces.  Therefore I glued everything together first then varnished, then attached to the boat.






The Abbott Mk IIIs were able to get away with not having a sealed hatch in the back because they took some space on each side of the compartment and glassed in some styrofoam.  Their reasoning apparently was that the foam would keep the stern afloat so it didn't matter if the compartment was full of water.  A hole was drilled in the bottom corner of these foam compartments.  I suppose the hole was supposed to allow water to exit either the between floor compartment to the back or vise versa, I don't know which.  If I want to keep the back tank dry then I figured the hole needs to be sealed, but didn't want to make it permanent in case of unforeseen circumstances.  The hole Abbott drilled was some weird size between 7/8" and 1", and was not substantial enough materially to hold a stopper in my view.  I fixed this by taking some of the scrap plywood and drilling a 7/8" hole in it and shaping it so it would fit in place over the existing hole.  I glued this on with 5200 and covered the whole thing with the sealant.  Here it is with the plug in place.

Here it is without the plug.  The walls of the original hole just seemed to crumbly to sustain a plug.  This works very nicely.  It is also important to seal around the various screws and nuts which protrude into the aft tank.  I bathed these quite liberally with 5200.
In conclusion, my techniques were quite rough due to the limitations of my skill and tools.  I am confident, however, that the tank will now remain sealed and dry when immersed.  It does occur to me that it will be inconvenient to screw/unscrew 8 bolts to open and close the compartment.  I'm sure there exists a more elegant solution to this.  My internet research revealed various cam locking arrangements that would have been suitable for this but were cost prohibitive.  Other people might have more luck finding something better.  I am considering putting one or two 8" diameter watertight hatches into the cover to facilitate quick access on the water.  There are some really nice watertight hatches that Hobie uses on their kayaks.   You can find it by going to backyardboats.com and search for part 71702001 or browse through their online PDF catalogs of kayak parts.  A 6" version is also available.

It took 2 tubes (toothpaste style not caulk gun type) of 3M5200, one tube to glue the wood together and seal various through bolts and the modification to the styrofoam compartment holes, and one to attach the new structure to the existing opening flange.  After I spent $14/tube for the 5200 at the marine store, I found the exact same thing at Home Despot for $6/tube.
...
Correspondence with Richard Johnson on the subject follows: note that he has some PDF attachments on the subject of drain tubes going from the cockpit through the aft compartment out the transom.  These would allow the cockpit to quickly drain.
Dear Richard, Dick and Al, 
     
I agree with Dick, the rear compartment of the boat must be water tight. Its primary function is as flotation, in my opinion.  If it can be used as storage, wonderful, but not at the expense of flotation.   I nearly drowned my poor brother-in-law when we capsized and the rear compartment flooded.  That is why I took the draconian step of completely sealing my rear hatch and installing the 8" water tight hatch in the lid.  I can still use it for storage I just need to be sure all items are small or in small packages.  Easy enough.  If you go to the Chesapeake Light Craft Website they sell water tight kayak hatches.  They are about $150 dollars and are 16 x 19 ovals.  They also have a 16" circle, I believe.  This would be an alternative and would maintain the storage utility but double check to be sure they are water tight. 

In the rear compartment in the Mark III there are two holes bored in the side bulkheads. In these you can see Styrofoam flotation.   I have not, but one could put a silicone stopper in the holes.  If you go to the US Plastics web site you can buy a variety of silicone lab stoppers.  The are very tight and very removable.  I do not think the this compartment feeds into the underfloor airtight compartments but they could, so why not. 

In the old Wayfarer Class Rules and Constitution  Section 20 "Apertures in Decks and Bulkheads"  paragraph 2.9-C "(Mark IISD/Mark III only) Not more than two inlet ports each of a maximum diameter of 4 3/8" connected in a watertight manner with the transom by the tubes permitted in rule 15.7."

If you look at the two attachments above you will see one for Stub Ends and a Wayfarer drain tube set-up. The trick to this is to have two appropriately sized ports properly spaced.  The material is 304 or 316 stainless which would be fine for corrosion.  RJ sales is a going concern in Buffalo NY and they have distributor across the country.  They could deliver in few days. The stub ends should be mounted according to the diagram. They would need to have at least 4 screws and should be caulked with a 3m 5200. I believe the holes could be cut with a 4" hole saw blade that could be purchased at Loews or Home Depot. However the holes would need to be chamfered to accomadate the radiused corner of the stub end. Once these are  in place in the bulkhead and transom then then they could be connected with 4" pvc pipe which has the same OD as the stub end.  the connections could be made with Fernco couplings which can be tightened to the point they are water tight.  I know from past bad experience that these couplings can hold up to 30 psi line pressure.  More than adequate for our application. 

So making the assmuption all connections are sealed and the rear compartment is water tight when the boat capsizes and then is righted, with a little down force on the transom the water should leave the boat.  All will drain except about 1" on the floor.   That is workable though. 

I have not made this modification myself because frankly I'm afraid to cut into my hull.  I would rather do it first on a derelict hull and prove the concept. Or if someone wanted to be first I would be glad to assist.  If it worked I think the class should assemble kits and templates and offer them for sale. It would make our boats that much safer. 

Finally capsizing is like any other maneuver on the boat.  Captain and crew have responsibilities. First job is to make sure the other is safe. Once that is done, in our boat, I go for the centerboard.  Michele goes for the sheets and makes sure they are loose as well as the bow line. Once we are ready to right, Michele sits on the side of the boat and as I pull up she is rolled on the floor on her back. once the boat is up,  then I will go to the bow and grab the bow line and act as a sea anchor. Michele puts up the board and and bails once the boat seems stable then I will climb on.  This is not perfect but we have done it twice when we crashed on spinnaker runs. It allowed us to self-rescue. There may be better methods but above all, there needs to be a plan that is carried out very quickly. 

I hope this helps.  I do have one question that I know Al can answer.  The rule states 4 3/8" diameter.  I take that as in inside diameter of the part not as a diameter of the flange of the stub end.  I expect there could be fights about that.  But for the class, I would think the more open the better. (Al's note: That would be the inside diameter as you suspected, Richard. Besides which, the Mk III is "our baby", so that we could easily have the Rule changed as we feel is necessary and/or give a dispensation.)

I look forward to your thoughts and comments. 

Richard Johnson 
W10139
...
... more thoughts from Andrew Haill (W9657) whose Mark III modifications are already documented in the WIT:
----- Original Message -----
From: Andrew Haill W9657
To: uncle-al3854@cogeco.ca ; Richard Johnson ; Richard Watterson W10423
Cc: Richard Harrington
Sent: Sunday, April 18, 2010 12:48 AM
Subject: Aft tank

Al

Interesting stuff.  If this boat is ever thrashed against a rocky lee shore there will be one component completely recoverable... the hatch!

As you noted with reference to my WIT submission, my hatch modifications took a slightly less formidable approach.  I figured stiffening the edges of the opening, providing a secondary and much wider and resilient piece of sealing rubber, and adding hold down clasps to the unsecured front edge should make a significant improvement, yet still maintain quick access to storage.  Seems successful however it has never been tested in anger for very long... a capsized and up again without getting wet above the knees episode a couple years ago had no water enter at all.  Although the entire back hatch region should theoretically be sealed I do think Richard Waterson plug improvements to the side foam compartments worth doing. 

I have always worried about immersion time and getting post-capsize water out of the boat quickly especially on Lk Superior which is lucky to be much above freezing at the best of times.  For hypothermia reasons (or alligator bait at the W mid-winters) I thus don't really agree with Richard Johnson's capsize recovery technique ... I'd suggest get back in the boat asap, board up, two people (one balancing, at minimum one bucketing) and get it empty and under control again fast (if a sea anchor is really desired bring another bucket to tie to the painter and throw it overboard).  As also experienced by Richard W, capsizes often come in cycles due to instability of the flooded boat... the faster emptied and sailing again the better... and drain tubes should allow sailing off without much bailing at all.  I have had a number of discussions with Richard Johnson over the years about through storage compartment drainage tubes (I think he even figured out some of the dimensions for positioning the holes) and I recall a few emails on the topic (some serious and some tongue-in-cheek) have passed through the Whiffle. 

I like the drainage tube idea, many dinghy classes have transom flaps for capsize drainage (as does now the W MkIV), and it is a bit ridiculous for a dinghy as turtle prone as the MKIII particularly and perhaps the class generally to have to deal with capsize water only with a bucket.  But as noted there appears provision in the rules for MkIII connections up to 4-3/8"dia (I'd consider that inside dia) and precedence has also been made with the MkIV so I say have at it.  Besides if breaking a class rule helps keep me out of a cold lake then rules are going to be broken. The under floor floatation design of the MkIII does suit drainage tubes better than other versions but personally I think there should be nothing in the rules to prohibit them for any W mark.  If the idea of equality on the race course is everyone has to flop about after a capsize for 10mins of bailing then that is a sad state of affairs. 

My idea is slightly different from Richard J's although same in principle.  I intended to use fibreglass tube between cockpit and stern bulkheads. Glassed connections, leakproof, strong, and with a plastic flap on the transom held in place with shock cord. I originally thought about various ABS or PVC plumbing supplies but couldn't quite find fittings and installation atachment that would work. To make it more complicated I was further wanting to install a circular deck plate on the inboard end, the idea being that when one wants to sleep in the boat when cruising a screwed in deck plate would prevent water coming back up the tube when the stern gets pushed down. Unscrew them when sailing again and the drain tubes are ready for action.  The original impediment was difficulty in finding a convenient commercial source of thin wall fibreglass tube of roughly the correct diameter.  I was going to make my own by wrapping cloth round some pipe but then I bought a keel boat and some of the project focus shifted.  On the other hand, I can now utilize sections of Lk Superior that seemed a bit too daunting for the Wayfarer.

I obviously think drainage tubes worthwhile and would be pleased to discuss with anyone actually wishing to attempt it.  It is still on my W modification list.  Practically I would start with the best measurement layout I could - drill 1/2"dia pilot holes and use a piece of say 1/2" copper plumbing tube through them to determine adjustments needed prior to saw cutting the final large dia hole.  Any reasonable layout correction would still leave the pilot holes within the larger cutout and the end result will look precison based.  Connect the holes and you are done.  Go on Richard, it is only a saw and a hole!  
 
cheers,

Andrew Haill
Thunder Bay, Ont
W9657
 
PS    I found one of the old discussion emails.... attached.
...
for even more on self-rescue,
check Skills for All Sailors under the heading "Helping Yourself and Others"
where self-rescue in a Mark III is dealt with under
A Case in Point and Resulting Recommendations